Αγγλικά Αρχάριοι (Β΄ Γυμνασίου) - Βιβλίο Μαθητή (Εμπλουτισμένο)
GRAMMAR

UNIT 1


Simple Present


FORM

+     I, you, we, they
       He, she, it
like
likes
milk.
-     I, you, we, they
       He, she, it
do   no
does  not
like  
?     Do
       Does
I, you, we, they
he, she, it
like milk?

SPELLING RULES
For the 3rd person singular (he, she, it)

We add s to the main verb                                                          work+s = he works

Exceptions

We add es in verbs ending in sh, ch, ss, o, x                                   wash + es = he washes

We add ies in verbs ending in consonant + y                                   study + ies = he studies


Examples of vowels: a, e, o, i, u
Examples of consonants: b, c, d, f, g, etc.


USE
We use the simple present tense when:

• something happens regularly
• something is true in general
We use an ADVERB OF FREQUENCY like
always, usually, often, sometimes to say
how often something happens.
It comes before the verb in the Present
Simple.
When we have the verb ‘to be’ we put the
adverb after it.
E.g. We always have maths on Monday.
Do you often play football at school?
My brother is always early for school.

EXAMPLES
I live in Patras.
The Moon goes round the Earth.
John's father drives a taxi. He does not drive a bus.
My sister and I do not watch TV after 10.00 at night.
Do you always play football on Saturdays?


Appendix IV

Wh… questions / How … questions with Simple Present


EXAMPLES

What do you / they



does he / she / it
have for breakfast?
What time go to school?
Where spend holidays?
When come home from school?
Who play tennis with?
How often meet friends?

Present Continuous


FORM

+ I am speaking to you.
You are reading this.
- She is not staying in London.
We are playing football.
? Is he watching TV?
Are they waiting for John?

SPELLING RULES

We add -ing to the main verb:                                                          work + ing = working

Exceptions

a. If the main verb ends in consonant + stressed vowel + consonant, we double the
last letter:                                stop + p + ing = stopping / cut+ t+ ing = cutting

b. If the main verb ends in ie, we change the ie to y:                    die = diey + ing = dying

c. If the main verb ends in vowel + consonant + e, omit the e: come + ing = coming


USE
We use the present continuous tense to talk about:
a. an action happening exactly now
b. an action happening around now


EXAMPLES
Look! The bus is coming!
Are you learning French or English?
We are not having breakfast at the moment.


Grammar

GRAMMAR

UNIT 2
Simple Past


FORM

+ I worked very hard.
You went to school.
- He / She did not go with me.
We work yesterday.
? Did you go to London?
they work at home?
USE

We use the simple past tense to talk about an action, a situation or an event, short or
long, that

• happened in the past
• is completely finished
• we say (or understand) the time and/or place it happened

EXAMPLES
I lived in that house when I was younger.
He didn't like the movie.
What did you eat for dinner?
John rode his bike to school on Monday.
Mary did not go to school yesterday.

PAY ATTENTION TO THE IRREGULAR VERBS

Appendix IV

UNIT 3


Comparisons of adjectives and adverbs

FORM

  POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
SHORT ADJECTIVES strong
big
ugly
…-er than the …-est of/in
stronger than
bigger than
uglier than
the strongest of/in
the biggest of/in
the ugliest of/in
LONG ADJECTIVES horrible more … than the most … of/in
more horrible than the most horrible of/in

USE

In the Comparative form we add -er than in short adjectives and more + adjective + than
in long adjectives.
In the Superlative form we add the -est in short adjectives and the most + adjective
in long adjectives.

Irregular adjectives

Adjective Comparative Superlative
good better than the best of/in
bad worse than the worst of/in
far farther/further than the farthest/furthest of/in
much/many more than the most of/in
little less than the least of/in

Comparisons of adjectives with as...as and not so ... as
EXAMPLES
The night is as dark as hell.
noun or pronoun positive verb as adjective as noun or pronoun
Our house is not as / so luxurious as a hotel.
noun or pronoun negative verb as / so adjective as noun or pronoun

Grammar

GRAMMAR

Adverbs


FORM
To form a regular adverb we add -ly / -ily to an adjective

ADJECTIVE ADVERB
quiet quietly
happy happily
EXCEPTIONS
fast fast
hard hard
good well
EXAMPLES

The children are quiet. They are playing quietly.
That is a happy boy. He is singing happily.
That is a fast horse. It runs fast.
This exercise is hard. Tom is working hard on this exercise.
Jim is a good football player. He plays football well.

USE

We use adverbs when we want to answer the question HOW.

  ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
SHORT ADVERBS soon
early
sooner
earlier
the soonest
the earliest
LONG ADVERBS carefully more carefully the most carefully


  ADVERB COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE
IRREGULAR FORMS well
badly
little
many / much
better
worse
less
more
the best
the worst
the least
the most

Appendix IV

UNIT 4


Modal verbs: can, may, should

FORM

+ I
you
he
she
we
they
can
may
should
ride this bike.
- cannot / can't
may not
should not / shouldn't
ride this bike.
? Can
May
Should
I / you
he / she
we / they
ride this bike?

USE

CAN: Possibility / Ability

We use can to talk about what is possible or what we are able or free to do:

Examples
She can fly a plane.
John can speak Spanish.
I cannot hear you. (I can't hear you.)
Can you hear me?

CAN, MAY: Permission

We sometimes use can to ask or give permission for something:

Examples
Can I leave early today?
May I leave early today?
The use of CAN for permission is informal.

SHOULD: Advice

We sometimes use should to give advice to someone:

Examples
You should be brave and well trained if you want to be a lifeguard.

Grammar

GRAMMAR

Simple Future


FORM

+ I
You
We
She
will open the door.
finish before me.
- will not be at school tomorrow.
leave yet.
? Will you
they
arrive on time?
want dinner?


For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we contract with won't, like this:

I will not I won't
you will not you won't
he/she/it will not he/she/it won't
we will not we won't
they will not they won't
USE
We use the Simple Future tense to show prediction, offer, promise, warning, decision on the spot and request.

EXAMPLES
It will rain tomorrow. (prediction)
I'll bring it right away! (offer)
I'll fix your car tomorrow. (promise)
If you don't follow my advice, you won't get well. (warning)
Will you bring a bottle of water? (request)
There is no bread left. I'll go and buy some! (decision on the spot)

Note that when we have a plan or intention to do something in the future, we usually use other tenses or expressions, such as the Present Continuous tense or be going to.

Appendix IV

UNIT 5


Present Perfect Simple

FORM

  subject auxiliary verb main verb  
+ I / You / We / They have played football.
  He / She has visited Rome.
- I / You / We / They haven't won the 200 m. race.
  He / She hasn't seen ET.
? Have you / we / they finished?  
  Has he / she done it?

USE
We use the Present Perfect Simple tense to talk about past activities, which we are not interested in when they happened. We only want to know if they happened.

Examples
I have seen ET.
He has lived in Paris.
Have you visited Rome?
They have never broken a world record.

NOTE: If we are interested in When an action happened we use Simple Past tense.
Example: Ian Thorpe won the 400 m freestyle in 2004 Athens Olympics.

Grammar

GRAMMAR

UNIT 6

Conditional Sentences


FORM

IF-clause Result clause
Type 1 Simple Present tense will, can, must, + bare infinitive or imperative
Type 2 Simple Past tense would + bare infinitive
USE
We use Type 1 Conditional Sentences to show that something is possible to happen in the
present or future.


We use Type 2 Conditional Sentences to show that something is very unlikely to happen in
the present or future.


This kind of sentences often expresses a wish or advice.


EXAMPLES


Type 1
If you choose to attend this excellent musical, you will learn the importance of
personal safety, proper diet, and good health.
If you like Greek folk music, register for this event.
If you want to learn about other cultures, you can attend the dances from Peru.

Type 2

If I won a lot of money, I would (I'd) buy a lot of CD's.
If I were you, I'd pay back all the money I owe.

NOTE: When we use Type 2 Conditional we prefer to use were instead of was.

Appendix IV

UNIT 7


Past Continuous

FORM

+ I / he / she was watching TV.
  You were working hard.
- I / he / she was not helping Mary.
  We were joking.  
? Was he / she studying Maths?
  Were you / they playing football?

USE
The Past Continuous tense expresses an action that happened at a particular moment in the past and it continued for some time.

Examples
I was doing my homework at 6.00 in the evening.
They were not playing football at 9am this morning.
What were you doing at 10pm last night?
Tony went home early because it was snowing.


Past Continuous + Simple Past


USE

We often use the Past Continuous tense with the Simple Past tense. We use the Past Continuous
tense to express a long action. And we use the Simple Past tense to express a short action that
happens in the middle of the long action. We can join the two ideas with when or while.

We use:
• when + short action (Simple Past tense)
• while + long action (Past Continuous tense)

Examples
  I was watching TV when the telephone rang.
When the telephone rang   I was watching TV.
  The telephone rang while I was watching TV.
While I was watching TV   the telephone rang.

Grammar

GRAMMAR

Used to...


FORM

In Ancient Greece, people used to wear linen clothes in summer.
When I was fifteen I listen to rock music.
USE
We use used to + infinitive to talk about a past state that is not true now or about an old habit that has now stopped.

REMEMBER
We can use either used to… or Past Simple to talk about a past state or habit that is no longer
true, but we can only use Past Simple to talk about things we did at a specific time in the past.




Asking for and giving directions / information


When we ask for directions /
information we use the following
When we give directions / information
we use the following
Excuse me, how can I go/ get to…
Can/could you tell me where… is, please?
Can/Could you show me the way to…?
What time…?
How much…, please?
Go up/down… street until you get to…
Go straight…
Take the bus/ train to…
Turn right/left…
It's on the corner of…
Take the first/second turning…
It is near/opposite/behind/in front
of/between…

Appendix IV

UNIT 8


Tag Questions; Relative Pronouns

FORM

+
Positive statement,
-
negative tag?
Snow is white, isn't it?
- Negative statement, +
positive tag?
You don't like me, do you?


Some special cases:
I am right, aren't I? aren't I (not amn't I)
You have to go, don't you? you (do) have to go...

USE

A tag question is a statement followed by a mini-question. The whole sentence is a "tag question",
and the mini-question at the end is called a "question tag".

We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean something like:
"Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English.


EXAMPLES

You have a sister, don't you?
You don't know the answer, do you?
He went to India last year, didn't he?
You can play tennis, can't you?


Grammar

GRAMMAR

Relative Pronouns


FORM

relative
pronoun
use example
who subject or object pronoun for people I told you about the girl who lives next door.
which subject or object pronoun for animals
and things
Do you see the dog which is lying
in the garden?
which referring to a whole sentence He couldn't swim which surprised me.
whose possession for people animals
and things
Do you know the boy whose mother
is a teacher?
that subject or object pronoun for people,
animals and things in defining relative
clauses (who or which are also possible)
I like the dress that Anna is wearing.
relative
adverb
meaning use example
when in/on which refers to a time expression the day when we met him
where in/at which refers to a place the place where we met him
why for which refers to a reason the reason why we met him
USE
We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting another
sentence.


EXAMPLES

The boys lived in a house which was next to the sea.
I don't care where she lives.
The thing that annoys her is his laziness


Appendix IV

UNIT 9


Wish + Past


FORM
When we want to express a desire for something to happen or to exist, we use the verb wish +
a past simple form of a verb.
USE

We use wish + past simple to express that we want a situation in the present
(or future) to be different.



EXAMPLES

I wish I spoke Italian. (I don't speak Italian)

Wish + Would


We use wish + sb or sth + would + bare infinitive to express impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action or situation.

EXAMPLES

I wish it would stop raining
I wish the children would stop making so much noise

Grammar

GRAMMAR

UNIT 10

Passive Voice - Simple Present Tense


FORM

We form the Simple Present Passive with verb to be in the right form and the Past participle of
the main verb.

Simple Present of verb ‘to be' past participle of main verb
am
is
are
used/ washed/ finished/ written/ done etc.
USE

We use the Passive Voice when we are more interested in the action than in who is responsible for it (agent). When we want to mention who does the action the word by comes before it. We also use Passive Voice in notices and signs.


EXAMPLES

The young Bond is presented as a tall and scruffy teenager.
The young Bond books are written by Charlie Higson.
Smoking is forbidden.
Tickets are sold out.


Appendix IV


Vocabulary

unit one
unit two
unit three
attractive
avocado
beads
berries
boil
collect
companies
contact
control
cover
destroy
disgusted
drive out
fascinated
feathers
foreign
grapefruit
habitual
hut
insects
leaves
light
loincloth
mud
natural habitat
necklace
nuts
pollution
pollution
raise money
recycle
recycle
role
sequence
slash and burn
species
straight
support
threatened
tough
transport
tropical
use
vegetation
weapons
wear
brave
charity
childhood
citizen
comfort
composer
deeds
desperate
discover
earthquake
emperor
famous
feed
freedom
gentle
interests
kind
lecture
lonely
make a decision
make a difference
make a promise
make an impression
make time
marvellous
permission
pet
play
playwright
radioactivity
respects
save
slave
weightlifter
abroad
ads
advertisement
assistant
brand
buttons
chart
compact disc
companion
comparative
copy
cursor
desires
discount
document
drive
exceptions
expensive
experience
explanation
fame
faulty
floppy disc
gadgets
guarantee
guilt
humour
incredible
ink cartridges
international
jargon
jingles
keyboard
least
location
log onto
memory
model
multimedia
persuasion
portable
predict
queue
refund
salesperson
situation
superlative
valuable
value
volume
unit four
unit five
admission
apathetic
behaviour
bite
braided
breath
clench
communicator
course
curious
decoration
distance
dreams
embarrassment
emotions
facial expression
fold
frown
gaze
gestures
glare
hairstyle
injection
jealousy
mental illness
mirror
municipality
nightmare
nod
object
ornaments
outfit
pay attention
peep
pleasant
point
point of view
prediction
pretty
shrug
shy
signs
squeeze
squint
suit
sweatshirt
take a peep
teenagers
tools
tracksuit
unbelievable
warrior
wrist band
a wide range
admission
all the best
artifacts
bus routes
civilization
coins
collection
dazzling
destination
displays
documents
dye
exhibits
for ages fossils
in advance
jewelry
knowledge
leaflet
minerals
objects
on display
on show
passport
souvenirs
treasure
works of art

Vocabulary

Vocabulary
unit six
unit seven
unit eight


a lift
ahead
backseat driver
best suited
don't look a gift
horse in the
mouth
drive someone
crazy
engineer
hit the road
hold your horses
inventor
levitation
miss the boat
plain sailing
plastic kit
population
potential
public transport
puncture
put the cart
before the horse
river bank
rock the boat
room
route
sailing
sideways
take for a ride
the end of the
road
transport
treading water
wheel
aim
bakery
bill
bins
breeze
candle holder
cans
cardboard
conditions
container
dawn
decompose
dizzy
ecoart
environment
files
fines
floods
fluoride
habits
junk
laziness
litter
magazines
mess
mice
on-the-spot
packets of
crisps
pieces of wood
rubbish
smog
toothpaste
town council
traffic cones
tub
tubes of
toothpaste
tyres
waste
wrapping
according to
brain
cargo
combine
compass
discover
donation
doorknob
emigrants
experiment
fridge
immigrants
instinct
intervals
invent
item
magnet
magnetic fields
magnetism
migrate
natural disaster
needle
nickname
north
pieces
products
roller coaster
ropes
sailors
separate
surface
transfer
volunteer
waves
wind
unit nine
aggressive
appearance
arrogant
attention
be in your shoes
beholder
blouse
cloak
confident
curly hair
dressed to kill
gear
gelled hair
good-looking
heel
hipster jeans
image
immature
invisible
items of clothing
knee-length
leggings
mature
outfit
pull up your socks
quality
round-neck
scarf
smart
spiked hair
spotlight
spots
stereotype
success
sweat shirt
talk through your hat
tie
tights
trendy
waist
wear your heart on
your sleeve
wig
unit ten
belt
clay
constructions
cotton
courier
grapes
instruments
leather
material
out of stock
package
parachutes
parts
petrol
pine
porcelain
relevant
silk
steam
stone
string
thread
walkie-talkie
weapons
wheat
wool